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اين
لينك هنوز به
فارسي
ترجمه نشده است
اينجا نام و معرفي بيشتر دانشمندان بنام و مشهور و همچنين منجماني كه از
طرق مختلفي به پيشرفت اين دنيا خدمت كرده اند آمده است
هر كسي حقيقتا موظف
است تا حداقل مقدار اندكي درباره ي خدماتي كه اين دانشمندان عرضه داشته اند بداند
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بعضي از اين دانشمندان منجم نيز هستند...در اين بخش مهمترين زندگينامه ها از آن
منجمان است... كه شما ميتوانيد زندگينامه هاي آنها را در بخش بعدي (منجمان مشهور)
مفصلا بخوانيد...اا
به ترتيب الفبا
نيلز بور(1885-1962) يك فيزيكدان دانماركي كه نظريه ي مدرن كوانتوم را كشف كرد. او
به خاطر تحقيقات در زمينه ي ساختار اتمي و پرتو افكني شناخته شده است. كه به همين
خاطر وي در سال 1992 جايزه ي نوبل فيزيك را از آن خود كرد.
بيشتر بخوانيد
 Max
Born (1882-1970), a German theoretical physicist, was a pioneer in developing
quantum mechanics. In collaboration with his students and assistants Werner
Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, and Wolfgang Pauli, he attempted to develop a new
quantum mechanics. When Heisenberg succeeded in 1925, Born and others were able
to advance the theory, using more systematic and powerful mathematics. For
Born's interpretation of the square of Schrodinger's wave function as the
probability of an electron's position, and for his further clarification of the
wave-particle duality, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1954.
 Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1543) was the Polish astronomer who revolutionized science and
the conception of the universe with his heliocentric theory of planetary
movement, published as De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543).
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 Marie
Curie (1867-1934), a French physicist, shown in her laboratory in a colored
photograph taken in 1905, is best known for her work in the study of
radioactivity. Together with her husband, Pierre, she shared the 1903 Nobel
Prize for physics, and she received the prize for chemistry in 1911.
Top of the page
 Louis
de Broglie (1892-1987), a French physicist, is known for his theory that matter
has the properties of both particles and waves. This particle-wave duality,
derived from the work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck, was experimentally
confirmed, for the electron, in 1927. De Broglie received the 1929 Nobel
Prize for physics.
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 Paul
Dirac (1902-1984) was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for physics for his
modification of Schrodinger's wave equation, the mathematical theory describing
the motion of atomic particles. Dirac, who shared the award with Schrodinger,
applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics in predicting the existence of
positrons and electron spin.
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 Albert
Einstein (1879-1955), a German-American physicist, revolutionized the
assumptions of modern physics when he first published his theory of relativity
in 1905.
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 Michael
Faraday (1791-1867), an English chemist and physicist, is shown here in an early
daguerreotype holding a bar of glass he used in his 1845 experiments on the
effects of a magnetic field on polarized light. Faraday is considered by many
scientists to be the greatest experimentalist ever.
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 Enrico
Fermi (1901-1954) conducted the experiments in radioactivity that won him the
1938 Nobel Prize for physics before emigrating from Italy to the United States
and commencing work on the atomic bomb. An exceptional researcher and theorist,
Fermi developed a statistical method for predicting the behavior of atomic
particles and later led the group that achieved the first self-sustaining
fission reaction.
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 Richard
Phillips Feynman (1918-1988), an American physicist contributed to the joining
of relativity and quantum theory with electromagnetism to form quantum
electrodynamics. He is also known for his reformulation of quantum mechanics and
his research on liquid helium. In 1965 he shared the Nobel Prize for physics
with Julian Schwinger and Sin Itiro Tomonago for their contributions to
electrodynamics.
Top of the page
 Edmond
Halley (1656-1742), an English astronomer and mathematician, is depicted in a
17th century colored engraving. Halley was the first to calculate the orbit of
the comet that is named for him.
Top of the page
 Stephen
Hawking (1942- ), who has been paralyzed by Lou Gehrig's disease, is confined to
a wheelchair and requires a voice synthesizer to speak. One of the world's top
mathematical physicists, he has sought to link quantum mechanics and relativity,
the two major theories of modern physics.
Top of the page
 Werner
Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976), a German theoretical physicist was one of the
leading scientists of the 20th century. He did important work in nuclear and
particle physics, but his most significant contribution was to the development
of quantum mechanics. He is best known for his uncertainty principle, which
restricts the accuracy with which some properties of atoms and particles--such
as position and In 1932 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics.
Top of the page
 Edwin
Powell Hubble (1889-1953), an American astronomer and the founder of
extragalactic astronomy, was a Rhodes scholar at Oxford and began his career as
a lawyer. After a year of practicing law, he returned to graduate school and
earned a doctorate in astronomy. His accomplishments include the discovery of
galaxies beyond the Milky Way Galaxy and of the velocity-distance relationship
of galaxies.
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 Lord
Kelvin (1824-1907), a Scottish physicist and mathematician calculated that
molecular motion stops at -273 deg C. He called this temperature absolute zero,
the lowest possible temperature. A prodigy in mathematics, Kelvin gained his
greatest renown in thermodynamics.
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 Johannes
Kepler (1571-1630), a German mathematician, formulated the three laws of
planetary motion that bear his name by using the astronomical observations of by
Tycho Brahe, for whom he worked briefly. Kepler was instrumental in the
development of early telescopes. He invented the convex eyepiece, which allowed
an expanded field of vision, and discovered a means of determining the
magnifying power of lenses.
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 Irving
Langmuir (1881-1957), an American physical chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize
for chemistry in 1932 for his work on molecular films on solid and liquid
surfaces. His studies in high-temperature chemistry led to the improvement of
the tungsten-filament light bulb and the development of an atomic hydrogen
blowtorch.
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 James
Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), the Scottish physicist, did revolutionary work in
electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases. He formulated, independently
of Ludwig Boltzmann, the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell
showed that a few relatively simple mathematical equations could express the
behavior of electric and magnetic fields and their interrelated nature. These
four partial differential equations first appeared in fully developed form in
Electricity and Magnetism (1873). Since known as Maxwell's equations they are
one of the great achievements of 19th-century physics.
 Robert
Andrews Millikan, b. Morrison (1868-1953), an American physicist, determined
through an oil-drop experiment the value of the charge on an electron and
demonstrated that the charge was a discrete constant rather than a statistical
average. For this work, as well as for his work on the photoelectric effect, he
received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1923.
 Sir
Isaac Newton (1643-1727), one of the most important figures in the history of
science, made significant contributions in the fields of physics, astronomy, and
mathematics. In his Principia (1687) -- considered by many the greatest work of
modern science --he explained the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
 Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662), a French thinker. His early scientific investigations led to
invaluable contributions in mathematics and physics. He is also remembered for
his introspective religious and philosophical writings, most notably his Pensees,
which focused on the power of divine faith.
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 Wolfgang
Ernst Pauli (1900-1958), an Austrian theoretical physicist, was one of the
founders of modern physics. He is most famous for his "Pauli exclusion
principle," which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers. For his work in this area he was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize
for physics.
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 Max
Planck (1858-1947), a German physicist, revolutionized physics in 1900 with his
discovery of the quantum, or fundamental unit of energy. Planck received the
Nobel Prize for physics in 1918 in recognition of his breakthrough. He is shown
in a photograph taken in 1947, the year of his death.
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 Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923), a German physicist, received the first Nobel Prize
for physics (1901) for his discovery of X rays.
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 Sir
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) profoundly influenced modern physics by
formulating the first explanation of radioactivity. He discovered two basic
forms of radioactivity and in 1908 received the Nobel Prize for chemistry for
this work. He announced his greatest discovery--the nuclear structure of the
atom--in 1911.
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 Erwin
Schrodinger (1887-1961), an Austrian theoretical physicist, published (1926)
four papers that laid the foundation of the wave-mechanics approach to quantum
theory and set forth his now-famous wave equation. In 1933 he shared the Nobel
Prize for physics with Paul DIRAC for his contributions to atomic theory. He
also worked on problems of general relativity and cosmology and on a unified
field theory. Late in his life Schrodinger studied the foundations of physics
and their implications for philosophy.
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 Sir
Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940), a pioneer in modern physics, discovered the
electron in 1895, revolutionizing existing theories of atomic structure. Thomson
is also recognized for his investigations into the conduction of electricity
through gases--which earned him the 1906 Nobel Prize for physics--and for his
work on the mathematics of the electromagnetic-field theory proposed by James
Maxwell.
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 Hideki
Yukawa (1907-1981), a Japanese physicist, who won the Nobel Prize for physics in
1949, is known for his theory of how the nuclear force holds the nucleus
together. As a result of this theory, he predicted (1935) the existence of the
meson, a subatomic particle, found in 1947 by Cecil Powell.
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